Ammonia solution has several industrial applications due to its alkaline properties and ability to react with various substances. Here are some of the primary uses:
1. Fertilizer Manufacturing
Ammonia solution is a key ingredient in the production of fertilizers, especially nitrogen-based fertilizers like ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate. These fertilizers are essential for enhancing crop yields by providing a readily available source of nitrogen to plants.
2. Water Treatment
Ammonia solution is used in wastewater treatment plants to adjust pH levels and reduce water acidity. It also reacts with chlorine in water purification processes to form chloramines, which act as a disinfectant to kill bacteria and other microorganisms.
3. Chemical Manufacturing
Ammonia is a building block in the chemical industry and is used in the production of:
? Plastics: Ammonia is used in the synthesis of certain plastics, such as nylon and polyurethane.

? Explosives: It is a precursor for making ammonium nitrate, a key component in explosives.

? Pharmaceuticals: It is used as a reagent in various pharmaceutical processes.
4. Pulp and Paper Industry
Ammonia solution is used in the pulp and paper industry to remove lignin from wood pulp, which helps in the bleaching process. It is also employed in waste gas scrubbing to remove pollutants generated during the paper-making process.
5. Textile Industry
In textile manufacturing, ammonia solution is used to treat cotton and wool, increasing fiber strength and elasticity. It also helps in dye fixation during the dyeing process by neutralizing acids and ensuring better dye penetration.
6. Rubber and Latex Production
Ammonia solution stabilizes raw latex to prevent coagulation during transport and storage. It helps keep latex in a usable liquid form.
7. Metal Treatment and Cleaning
Ammonium hydroxide is used to clean and etch metals, including in the electronics industry, where it is used for cleaning semiconductor components and printed circuit boards. It is also involved in metal refining, especially in processes like electroplating and silver polishing.
8. Refrigeration
In industrial refrigeration systems, ammonia is used as a refrigerant, particularly in large-scale applications such as food processing, cold storage, and chemical plants. Ammonia refrigeration systems are efficient and environmentally friendly compared to other refrigerants.
9. Mining and Ore Processing
Ammonia solution is used in the leaching of metals from ores, such as copper and nickel, and in the production of chemicals for flotation processes used in mineral extraction.
10. Food Processing
Though in much lower concentrations, ammonia solution can be used in food processing to regulate acidity, preserve certain food products, and as a cleaning agent in facilities that handle food.
These wide-ranging applications demonstrate the versatility and importance of ammonia solution in various industries. However, its use also requires proper handling and safety measures due to its corrosive and toxic properties.